Element description

A magnetic iron and malleable, and can conduct heat and electricity. Under normal temperature, nickel in moist air, surface forms a dense oxide film, can not only prevent continue to be oxidized, and alkali, salt solution corrosion. The massive nickel will not burn, thin nickel wire flammability, special fine porous nickel particles in the air combustion. When heated, nickel and oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, bromine reacts violently. Fine powdered metal nickel in the heating can be absorbed a considerable amount of hydrogen. Ni can slowly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, nitric acid, but in fuming nitric acid in surface passivation. Nickel oxidation state of 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, simple compounds to 2 price the most stable, 3 valent nickel salt as oxidant. Nickel oxides of NiO and Ni2O3. Nickel hydroxide [ Ni ( OH ) 2 ] is a strong, slightly soluble in water, easily soluble in acid. Nickel sulfate ( NiSO4 ) and alkali metal sulfate formed alum Ni ( SO4 ) 2o6H2O ( MI is alkali metal ion ). 2 valent nickel ions can form coordination compounds. Under pressure, nickel and carbon monoxide can form four carbonyl nickel ( Ni ( CO ) 4 ], after heating it will decompose into metal nickel and carbon monoxide.

Silvery white metal, the density of 8.9 g / cm 3. The melting point of 1455 DEG C, the boiling point of 2730 DEG c.. Valency of 2 and 3. Ionization energy of 7.635 electron volts. Qualitative hard, having magnetic properties and good plasticity. Have good corrosion resistance, in the air is not oxidized, and alkali resistance. Can be slowly dissolved in dilute acid, release hydrogen and produce green is divalent nickel ions Ni2 +; on the oxidant including nitric acid solution, not react. Nickel is a medium strength reducing agent.

Element source

Ore calcined into oxide, water gas or carbon reduction process.

Element use:

Mainly used in the manufacture of stainless steel and other corrosion resistant alloy, such as nickel, nickel chromium steel and nonferrous metal alloy, nickel containing components of high copper nickel alloy, is not easy to corrosion. Also as a hydrogenation catalyst and used for ceramic products, specialty chemical containers, electronics, glass green and nickel compounds preparation etc..

The auxiliary data elements:

Nickel in the earth's crust content is not small, greater than the common metals lead, tin, but much less obvious than iron, and nickel and iron melting point be roughly the same, so doomed it to find it later than iron.

At the end of the seventeenth Century, Europeans began to pay attention to nickel arsenic ( arsenic ) ore. When the Germans used it to manufacture glass green, mining workers called it kupfernickel. " Kupfer" in Devin is the" copper";" nickel" is the curse words," deceptive". This word can be translated as " false copper righteousness". It is a mixture of copper and arsenic.

Swedish chemist cloned crest of the mineral, he got a little different from copper metal. In 1751 he published studies, think that this is a new metal, it is said to be nickel, which is the Latin name niccolum and nickel symbol Ni source. Nickel are found across Europe, the Germans put it first doped copper, made the so-called Germanic silver, or German silver, is also China's cupronickel.

The most stable isotope

Isotopic abundance half-life decay decay energy decay products

MeV

56Ni artificial 6.077 day electron capture 2.136 56Co

58Ni 68.077% stability

In 76000 1.072 59Co 59Ni artificial electron capture

60Ni 26.233% stability

61Ni 1.14% stability

62Ni 3.634% stability

63Ni artificial 100.1 years of beta decay, 2.137 63Cu

64Ni 0.926% stability

Basic knowledge

In nature, the main mine is the red nickel ( nickel arsenide ) and gersdorffite ( sulfur nickel arsenide ). Cuba is the world's most famous contain nickel ore in Dominica state, there are a lot of nickel.

Nickel metal is mainly used for electroplating, plating beautiful items, clean, and is not easy to rust. Very fine nickel powder, is used as a catalyst in chemical industry.

(" document.write" ); xNo = xno+1;

Nickel alloy used for manufacturing large. In the steel with nickel, can enhance the mechanical strength. Such as steel containing nickel content increased from 2.94% to 7.04%, the tensile strength is 52.2 kg / mm 2 to 72.8 kg / mm 3. Nickel steel used to make machines under great pressure, shock and reciprocating load components, such as turbine blades, crankshaft, connecting rod. Containing 36% nickel, nickel containing carbon 0.3-0.5%, its expansion coefficient is very small, almost no thermal expansion and contraction, used to manufacture a variety of precision machinery, precision gauge. Containing 46% nickel, 0.15% carbon steels, called" Platinum", because of its expansion coefficient and platinum, the glass is similar, the high nickel steel can be welded in the glass. In the bulb production is very important, as a platinum wire. Some precision lens frame, also used this type of platinum made of steel, the lens is not due to thermal expansion and contraction from the box fell down. By 67.5% nickel, 16% iron, 15% chromium, 1.5% consisting of manganese alloy, has the very big resistance, used in the manufacture of various rheostat with electric heater.

Titanium nickel alloy having a "memory" ability, but also very strong memory, after quite a long time, repeated a thousand times are accurate. It 's" memory" is the ability to remember its original shape, so people called it" shape memory alloy". The original of this alloy has a characteristic transition temperature, the transition temperature, it is a kind of organizational structure, and in the transition temperature, it is another kind of organizational structure. Structure, performance is also different. For example: a nickel titanium memory alloy, when it is at the transition temperature above, very hard, intensity, and below this temperature, it is very soft, easily cold processing. So, when we need it the memory what shape, put it into the kind of shape, it is" permanent memory" in shape, below the transition temperature, because it is very soft, we can to a large extent in the arbitrary deformation. And when it returns to its original shape, as long as it is heated to above the transition temperature on the line.

Nickel has a magnetic, attracted by magnets. And the use of aluminum, cobalt and nickel alloys, magnetic stronger. This alloy is subjected to the electromagnet attracts, not only being sucked the past, but underneath it was hanging things sixty times heavier than it is, and will not fall off. In this way, it can be used to produce electromagnetic crane.

Nickel salts are mostly green. Nickel hydroxide was a dark brown, nickel oxide is gray and black. Nickel oxide is often used to manufacture iron nickel alkaline battery.

Divalent nickel ions used dimethylglyoxime to identification, in ammoniacal solution, nickel ion ( Ni2 + ) and dimethylglyoxime ( Dimethylglyoxime ) to generate fresh red precipitate ( Ni ( dmgH ) 2).

Clothing apparel in nickel

The European Union in 1994 through 94 / 27 / EC instruction ( Nickel Release Directive ), the indication is used to control the nickel ( Ni ) ( Ni ) in direct and prolonged contact with the skin on the product usage. Nickel generally appear in the alloy, apparel products as metal accessories, such as buttons, zippers, rivets, metal earrings, necklaces, rings etc. Some of the nickel can produce allergic reactions, if long-term exposure to nickel jewelry, will arise to the skin of severe ohss.

" Nickel release has been the subject of EC limit. On the long-term skin contact plated or non-plated product, its weekly discharge amount of not more than 0.5ug / CM 2. While the piercing with metal bottom assembly such as earrings lever, the weekly emissions can not exceed 0.2ug / cm2.

Minerals: nickel, what is nickel, nickel role

Nickel profiles

Silvery white metal, the density of 8.9 g / cm 3. The melting point of 1455 DEG C, the boiling point of 2730 DEG c.. Valency of 2 and 3. Qualitative hard, having magnetic properties and good plasticity. Have good corrosion resistance, in the air is not oxidized, and alkali resistance. Can be slowly dissolved in dilute acid, release hydrogen and produce green is divalent nickel ions Ni2 +; on the oxidant including nitric acid solution, not react. Nickel is a medium strength reducing agent. Nickel is insoluble in water, divalent nickel may be the main biological types in organisms, energy and many substances, or combination of chelate complex.

The discovery of nickel

Nickel in the earth's crust content is not small, greater than the common metals lead, tin, but much less obvious than iron, and nickel and iron melting point be roughly the same, so doomed it to find it later than iron. In 1751, the Swedish Krona Astarte, with niccolite surface weathering of grain and charcoal were hot, and the prepared ni. 1952 report animal in vivo with nickel, then somebody puts forward nickel mammals is the essential trace elements, in 1973 it was first suggested nickel is essential trace elements. After 1975 of nickel nutrition and metabolic research.

Food source

Nickel containing rich foods: chocolate, nuts, dried beans and cereals.

Metabolic absorption

Dietary nickel by intestinal iron operating system through the intestinal mucosa, absorption and the operation process is still not clear, Ni uptake rate of about 3% ~ 10%, milk, coffee, tea, orange juice, vitamin C and the absorption rate. In iron deficiency or pregnancy and lactation absorption rate can be increased. Absorption of human blood serum albumin in the main ligand nickel by delivery to the systemic. Nickel is also associated with serum L - histidine and alpha 2-macroglobulin combination. Absorption into the blood of 60% nickel excreted in the urine, sweat in the nickel content is higher, bile can also discharge a lot of nickel. In certain environment in the presence of nickel carbonyl, it is colorless transparent liquid, the boiling point of 43 DEG C, can be in vapor form by respiratory system rapid inhalation, skin can also be a small amount of absorption, the nickel carbonyl in about 1 / 3 in 6 hours by expiratory discharges, through the rest of alveolar absorption into the blood, finally excreted in the urine. Nickel carbonyl inhalation in vivo after 24h only left 17%, 6 days to fully discharge.

Nickel sensitization

Nickel is the most common allergenic metals, about 20% people on the nickel allergy, the number of female patients than male patients, in contact with the body, nickel ions can pass through the pores and sebaceous glands to penetrate into the skin to go inside, thereby causing allergic inflammation of the skin, the clinical manifestations of dermatitis and eczema. Once sensitized, nickel allergy can last indefinitely. Patients with stress, sweat, atmosphere and skin moisture and friction can aggravate the nickel allergy symptoms. Nickel allergic dermatitis clinical manifestations of pruritus, papular or papular vesicular dermatitis, with moss.

Physiological function

In higher animal and human body, nickel biochemical functions are not yet understood. However, in vitro experiments, animal experiments and clinical observations have provided valuable results.

In 1 experiments in vitro show nickel thiamine pyrophosphate ( cocarboxylase ), pyridoxal phosphate, porphyrin, protein and peptide affinity, and proves that the nickel with RNA and DNA combination.

2 nickel deficiency hepatic 6 dehydrogenation sensitivity reduction, including glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase. These enzymes are involved in generating NADH, anaerobic glycolysis, three carboxyl cycle and by amino acid nitrogen release. Nickel deficiency and liver cells and mitochondria structure has change, especially the quality irregular, mitochondrial oxidative function.

3 patients with anemia blood nickel content decreases, and the iron absorption is reduced, nickel has a stimulating role in hematopoiesis, human and animal added nickel after red blood cell, hemoglobin and white blood cell increase.

Physiological needs

Due to dietary daily intake of Ni 70 260 ~ g / D, the requirement is based on the results of animal experiments reckoning, may require a weight of 25 to 35 u g / d.

Excess performance

Daily intake of soluble nickel 250mg may cause poisoning. Some people are more sensitive, intake of 600 u g can cause poisoning. On the basis of animal experiment, chronic excess intake or excessive exposure, can lead to cardiac, brain, lung, liver and kidney degeneration.

The data shows: drink containing nickel high water can increase the risk of cancer, especially one with cancer in chemotherapy period must stop and nickel products. At present on the market distribution part of the ceramic eating utensils should be carefully chosen to use in daily life, with a nickel containing ceramic with high do drink water, will increase the incidence.

In addition, there are also some informal manufacturers of drugs also have nickel high component. So on nickel and human health should take seriously highly.

Nickel deficiency

Animal experiments show that lack of nickel can appear slow growth, decreased fertility.

The preparation method of nickel

The electrolytic method. The enrichment of sulfide ore roasting into oxide, carbon reduction into coarse nickel, pure nickel metal by electrolysis.

The carbonylation. The nickel sulfide ore with carbon monoxide generation four carbonyl nickel, heating and decompose, high purity metal nickel.

The hydrogen reduction method. By hydrogen reduction of nickel oxide, available metal nickel.

The nickel industry

China's nickel supply consists of two parts, one part is the new production of nickel concentrate to supply, which partially account for the total nickel supply 72.9%, another part comes from Recycling Nickel accounted for 27.1%, along with the economic construction and the development of iron and steel industry, increase ceaselessly to the demand of nickel.

2006 1-12 month, accumulative total of countrywide nickel crop is 111280.01 tons, compared with the same period in 2005 grew 22.07%; 2007 1-12 month, accumulative total of countrywide nickel crop is 115772.10 tons, compared with the same period in 2006 grew 8.51%; 2008 1-10 month, accumulative total of countrywide nickel crop is 112209.99 tons, grow 8.99% compared to the same period in 2007.

China's nickel industry continues to develop at the same time, there also exist some problems, such as nickel for the low taste, open-pit mining of a very small proportion, recoverable reserves accounted for only 10% of total reserves, mining and smelting technology is relatively backward; normal dressing using a weak acid or base medium flotation process, processing capacity of 4300000 tons / year; China nickel smelting except a few large enterprises generally adopt the method of fire outside the selected matte smelting technology, refined nickel by nickel sulfide anode diaphragm electrolysis and selective acid leaching electrowinning process -- and the world's advanced technology, there is still a certain gap, so the Chinese mining and smelting of high cost.

Projected 2010 nickel consumption in China will reach 400000 tons / year, China will become the world's largest nickel consumption in china. Now Chinese nickel metal base reserves is only about 2300000 tons, in recent years China ore exploration without significant progress, if in accordance with such consumption rate, 10 years after China nickel resources will gradually depleted.

The world's ten largest nickel producer

Annual output ( thousand tons )

Of the 1977198219871992

Russia 144.3 165.2 272 215

Canada 235.4 88.6 189 192.1

New Caledonia 109.1 60.1 56.9 113.1

Indonesia 14 45.9 57.8 78.1

The Australian 85.8 87.6 74.6 64

China - 12 25 37

Cuba 37 36.1 33.8 32.2

South Africa 23 22 34.3 28.4

The Republic of Dominica 24.2 5.4 32.5 25

Botswana 12.1 17.8 25.9 23.5

Total 685 540.6 801.8 808.4 ten

The global total of 772.8 621.6 892.5 921.9

Test method

The test of nickel ( Ni ) released into artificial sweat test fluid object in a week. The use of atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy or other suitable analytical method for measuring dissolved nickel ( Ni ) concentration.

Generally use the following methods:

* total nickel ( Ni ) content test ( EN1810: 2005 );

* and the skin has direct and prolonged contact with the products of the nickel ( Ni ) release test ( EN1811: 1999, did not apply to electroplating coating products );

* article having a coating in catalysis and wear after nickel ( Ni ) release test ( EN12472: 2005, suitable for coating products )